Attitude towards Disability (ATDP) Scale to determine factors influencing job placement of Persons with Disability (PWD) in digital creative industries in Bandung, Indonesia.

Abstraksi

‘…people with disabilities in Indonesia are at a disadvantage. They are poorer, less educated, less employed, and more isolated and at times feel they are a burden on their family. To ensure full rights for all of its citizens Indonesia needs to pursue inclusive policies in line with the goals of the UNCRPD and Ministerial Declaration on the Asian and Pacific Decade of Persons with Disabilities, 2013–22’ (Adioetomo et al., 2014, p. xviii) Indonesia still facing challenges to ensure its implementation on macro and micro level even though Indonesia has already rectified UN CRPD into policies on disability. In Indonesia 414.222 persons with disability (PWD) of productive age is still struggling to live. According to Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) SAKERNAS 2011 the total population of Indonesia is 237.641.326, including those of productive age which is 172.755.077. WHO predicts 10% of them are persons with disabilities (PWD) as much as 24 million people. While data from Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs PUSDATIN, 2010 stated that Indonesian PWD are 11.580.117 with classification 3.474.035 (blind), 3.010.830 (physical), 2.547.626 (hearing), 1.389.614 (mental), 1.158.012 (cronic). The inconsistencies grow further as the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration (2010) data state that PWD amount in Indonesia is 7.126.409. Statistic data shows a different number of PWD in Indonesia. This difference is varies between less than 1% (Podes, 2014) into more than 12% (Sakernas, 2016). (Memetakan Penyandang disabilitas di pasar tenaga kerja di Indonesia. LPEM FEB UI.2017) This differences occurred because of the different type of disability and disability model that was used as referenced to classify PWD. Among them, the survey that has the highest similarities with study that has been conducted in other countries is from Riskesdas. A standard method to classify and measure disabilities in Indonesia is crucial to improve analysis and disabilities policies planning (regulation) as well as a comparison with disability data from around the world. Mitchell and Snyder (2000, p. 3) remarks that disability normally is a “baseline of cultural undesirability,” whereas society had the tendency to distance themselves from them. In accordance to their statements, few PWD testify of receiving a clear discriminative attitudes from job owner to PWD on recruitment process (Cook, 2006). From business owner’s point of view, they states their concerns in employing PWD for several reasons, including the lack of awareness about the reality of disability issues and concern of accommodation, additional costs, and legal (Kaye et al., 2011). Disability factor decrease the chance of employment rate as much 17.6% and their probability enter the productive labor force was 16.9 % in people age 15-64 years old in Australia on 2003. (Mavromaras et al. 2007). Similarly stated by Campolieti (2002), disability decrease the probability of entering work force for elder in Canada. The research classify disability from few variable of conditions; respiratory problems, diabetes, heart condition, IMT, age, and other factors. Brown & Emery (2010) also support previous research in this field by stating that disability factor are strongly linked with decreasing the work force of man and woman in Canada into 30%. Low participation of PWD of productive age caused by the supply and demand of labor force in the labor market, (Arlette.2012). From supply view point, PWD worker might have a higher labor cost than those of Non-PWD. Similar findings (Jones, 2008; Metts, 2000; WHO, 2011) further emphasize that recruiting rate of PWD is lower than non- PWD. To tackle this problem, the Indonesian Ministry of Industry and Ministry of Social Affairs signed MoU on Training, Certification and job placement for persons with disabilities in 27 December 2018, to support and promote inclusivity and reduce PWD unemployment in Indonesia. The Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs (2011) declare government efforts in resolving disability issues is no longer emphasize in viewing disabilities as individual problem, but rather in providing accessibilities, infrastructure maintenance and supports. Recently West Java new governor, Ridwan Kamil has signed a MoU with the Head of Creative Economy Agency (Bekraf), Triawan Munaf, about developing creative economic potential in West Java province by establish a Regional Creative Economy Agency that has authority to establish a creative economics policies to improve national economic growth. Based on national data, creative industry sector has employed 15.9 million manpower with 7.3 percent contribution to our GDP, equivalent of Rp.852 trillion. As a city in West Java region, Bandung has established Perda number 26 (2009) that focus on Equality, and Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities, by building Bandung infrastructure that is more accessible for all of its citizen. This study is to examine potential influencing factors of attitude within each group regarding PWD job placement in digital creative industry. The methods that will be conducted on this study is cross sectional study between productive age PWD, digital creative industries stakeholders and members of the public in Bandung, Indonesia. Among data that we will collect are socio-demographic information and personal attitudes toward disability using the Attitude toward Disability Scale (ATDP). Comparison of attitude level between parties includes will be analyzed by ANOVA and ANCOVA. Simple, multi linear regression and super decision analysis are chosen to further investigate the relationship between each background factors and attitudes within each group. Limitations of this study is that the data survey represent only volunteered participants. Therefore it cannot be generalized about the rest of population in Indonesia. In addition, this study will only measure participant’s attitudes regarding PWD job placement in digital creative industries.